Not that long ago, I went to Disneyland with my family. The idea was simple: go to an amusement park to have fun.1

After getting the (pricey) tickets, I started thinking that if we were going to do this, we had to do it “right.” I needed to do it efficiently, so I began strategizing how to ride all the rides we wanted. Once there, plan in hand, I dragged my family from one side of the park to the other. We rushed, we stressed out, we did it. I “won” at Disneyland.

But in winning, I missed the experience. I executed the plan successfully, yet it wasn’t fun.

That’s what striving does. It turns even an amusement park into a to-do list. It turns an experience into a chore. It turns life into labor. Based on what I see in my therapy practice, I’m not alone.

Do you ever feel like life is too much? Too many things to do. Not enough time. Too many messages to respond to. Too many crises. Too many ways to “improve ourselves.” Sometimes life can feel like a never-ending, grim self-improvement project.

So, what is the point?

Maybe deep down you’ve asked yourself that question. What if all our efforts amount to nothing? Or, as Shakespeare would put it, what if life is a “tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing”? What if Camus is right and life is truly absurd?

These can feel like depressing (if not downright dangerous) questions. But could it be another way?

I want to suggest an alternative: Play hard… but don’t take yourself too seriously.

Of course, suggesting that life is “play” can sound dismissive or naïve. Am I saying that life amounts to nothing? Work is not only necessary but often edifying. And what about suffering, does “play” make it meaningless?

No, I am not saying that. I am saying that we often make our efforts carry a weight they cannot carry. Let’s unpack it.

A different way: Līlā

Hindu thought offers an intriguing idea: life as God’s līlā, a creative expression of divine play. This whole universe, us included, is God’s playground. Another way to say it is that God2 is the sacred dancer, and we are the dance. The Divine is exploring possibilities, unfolding experience, and becoming intimate with its own creation through us.

From this perspective, life isn’t ultimately about achieving. It’s about participating.

Why life feels like work

Life feels like work partly because it’s designed to feel that way. There are layers of complexity that make the game both engaging and challenging.

We are biologically wired for survival. Since the advent of agriculture, life became future-oriented: plant, harvest, store, repeat. Modern economics suggests there is no room for freeloaders. We must be productive and add value. Psychology suggests that as children, we learn early on that we need to be “good boys and girls” and follow rules to be loved. And even religion, narrowly understood, can make life feel like there is something to achieve: Heaven, mokṣha, Nirvana…

What’s worse is that when we fail to perform, it can start to feel like there is something wrong with us. The stakes feel very high. No wonder it feels like there’s no room to play.

So, play hard… but don’t take yourself too seriously? Sounds like madness, unless we learn to see reality differently.

Two metaphors

Not everything we do in life is work, and not everything has a purpose.

Think about dancing or listening to music. Why do we listen to music? Why do we dance? Certainly not to win. If that were the case, the fastest musician would be the best, which is obviously absurd. The point is the experience itself.

Or what if life is less like a chore and more like going to the movies? Again, we don’t go to movies to win. We go to get lost in the story, to learn, to enjoy ourselves. We willingly enter the narrative while still knowing that it isn’t real. We don’t take it that seriously.

What about suffering?

Remember, we already established that this game of life is designed to feel like work. What about suffering and hardship? It has been suggested that part of suffering’s role is to “thicken the plot.”

Think about it. Would you want to watch a movie where nothing happens at all? A dancer who just stands there? A piece of monotone music? No. We appreciate a skillful dancer. We value a sophisticated piece of music, even if both are, in a utilitarian sense, “pointless.” We value the effort and time it takes to achieve excellence. Likewise, we love intricate movies. We pay to watch tragedies, thrillers, horror films, the kind that make our hearts race or bring us to tears.

The difference is that with music, dancing, and movies, we can remember it is not that serious and still enjoy the experience. In life, we get so engrossed in the action that we forget to witness it. We become method actors in our own drama.

Now, if life is play, are there any rules? Of course there are, although it is a bit of a stretch to call them “rules.” I’ll address that in a future article.

Movies, music, and dancing

We’ve seen that the game is wired to be challenging. All those layers may be designed to make us get lost in the storyline. We’ve also suggested that suffering thickens the plot, perhaps as the cleverest subterfuge to trap us in the narrative. However, please don’t read this as me (or the Hindu tradition) trivializing suffering.

We must be careful not to minimize another person’s pain. If one of my clients is suffering and I were to suggest that their misery is not real, I’d deserve to be punched in the face. Saying something like that would be spiritual bypassing and insensitive. When someone is suffering, we don’t philosophize. We meet them where they are. We honor their pain and support them in any way we can.

The Buddhists often say that pain is unavoidable, but suffering is optional. One way they explain this is through the Two Truths: relative and absolute.

At the relative or conventional level, harm is real, wounds hurt, and consequences are real. At the ultimate or absolute level (līlā), we can sometimes observe existence more like the audience of a movie. Suffering, and everything else, becomes plot. Whatever happens makes the story more engaging, but ultimately it is still a story.

The challenge is to hold both realities simultaneously: to fully engage conventional reality (like a football player engages a game) while not losing the perspective that, in the end, it’s still only a game (even if it happens to be the Super Bowl).

I’ve witnessed people touch this realization in psychedelic ceremonies. Often, they start laughing as if someone has told them a very funny joke. They report seeing the folly in their striving. I call this the cosmic laughter.

Pain does not invalidate the idea of life as play. It can block our access to it. Trauma contracts the body, and when the nervous system is bracing, play feels unsafe. With time and perspective, we sometimes see how our greatest battles and deepest wounds brought growth and change, just like the misfortune at the beginning of a movie becoming the call to adventure that pushes the story forward.

Building castles in the sand

It is possible to play hard while not taking ourselves too seriously. Let me borrow a powerful image from Nietzsche.

Imagine children building sandcastles at the beach. Picture them deeply engrossed in their work, making them taller, digging ditches… and then splash! A wave comes by and knocks it all down. The children both cheer and whine. They knew all along it was bound to happen. In fact, perhaps knowing it made everything more poignant.

What do they do next? Without missing a beat, they begin building another castle, fully aware it won’t last.

From a practical perspective, what they are doing is crazy. What is the point? Yet the ephemeral nature of the task does not keep them from giving themselves fully to it. Just like dancing. Just like listening to music. Just like watching a movie. Maybe, just like life, it is the experience that matters.

So next time you catch yourself worrying, striving, racing… remember those kids at the beach. How can you turn your efforts into play? Your struggle into a dance?

Play hard, but don’t take yourself too seriously.

Get it?

  1. This is a written version of the first session of “The Unfolding,” a CSP’s monthly offering. For more information visit https://sacredpractices.org/ ↩︎
  2. Please feel free to replace the word for Goddess or Mystery, the one that resonates best with you. ↩︎

…or why AI should not replace human connection

In my earlier article Should ChatGPT Be Your Therapist?, I briefly argued against it. This article further explains my answer.

Many people turn to AI because they are lonely, overwhelmed, or afraid. That is understandable. But if AI becomes a substitute for relationships, something important is lost. Our brains are wired for connection.

Before starting, let me insist that I am not anti-AI. Quite the opposite. I am excited about the possibilities of using it as a companion to therapy (more on this below). Used wisely, it can be genuinely helpful.

Although this is not often emphasized, psychotherapy is not only about providing information. It is a relationship. Good psychotherapy may feel like a simple conversation. Still, there is a lot going on under the hood at psychological and biological levels. Our nervous systems are shaped by contact with other human beings. Our attachment style (basically, the way we relate to others) is formed by how we experienced connection in early life. Who we are is, in large part, the result of our relationships. As it is often said, our wounding happens in relationships and can only be healed in relationship. We do not change only through insight. We change through connection.1

We need to feel safe before we can change

Evolutionarily, our nervous systems are programmed to scan for safety. This is an automatic process that occurs mostly below conscious awareness.2 Tone of voice, pacing, the steadiness of a presence, and the sense that someone understands us and will stay with us without collapsing or attacking. These signals shape how we experience the world and live our lives.

When we feel anxious, shut down, ashamed, or guarded, our whole system contracts. Thinking becomes rigid. Options feel limited. Emotions feel overwhelming. Sometimes we cannot even accept help when it is available. On the other hand, when we feel safe, supported, and accepted, something changes. We relax. We open up. Feelings become tolerable. Reflection becomes possible. We see more clearly and are able to choose. The body must feel safe before the mind can be free.

What the relationship does

It offers co-regulation. Meeting a grounded therapist is not just “nice.” Their steadiness helps settle our system. Over time, we become able to reproduce that steadiness, and it becomes available inside. This is one of the quiet phenomena of good therapy. We borrow regulation until we learn to provide it for ourselves.

It offers a different experience, not just advice. Even when people come to therapy for information, they often stay for something else. The client is constantly sensing the relationship. How does the therapist relate? Are they kind, clear, steady, curious? Can they hold boundaries with care? Can they tolerate strong emotion without collapsing or attacking? Over time, this becomes a living template for how to be with oneself and with others.

It creates a space to explore without shame, guilt, or rejection. After a while, as the client continues to feel accepted by the therapist, they may begin to wonder: “If my therapist accepts me as I am, maybe I can accept myself too.” Again, this relaxes the nervous system and makes room for change. In such an environment, you can explore how you protect yourself, how you handle closeness, how shame organizes your attention, and what you believe you are allowed (or not allowed) to feel. These patterns are often automatic and live below awareness. Over time, a stable relationship helps reorganize these implicit layers and experiment with alternative ways of being. Therapy changes people through lived experience, not simply through insight.3 4

It offers rupture and healthy repair. Therapists are not perfect. Sometimes your therapist does not get it. You may feel misunderstood or even rejected. Often this triggers old experiences of not being seen or accepted, and the conclusion that something is wrong with you. What to do next? Shut down? Capitulate? End the relationship? If the therapist is skillful and navigates this with care and accountability, the nervous system learns something powerful. Conflict does not have to mean abandonment. Misunderstanding does not have to mean danger. This repair, while remaining in connection, is part of how trust is built, and it is difficult to replicate without a real person who can make mistakes, take responsibility, and show up again.

At the risk of oversimplifying, the therapeutic relationship is difficult to replace because healing is not purely cognitive. It is an embodied, relational process that unfolds through attunement, emotional resonance, and real-time interaction.

What AI cannot replace (at least yet)

AI can generate language that sounds empathic. It can reflect feelings. It can offer prompts. It can help you map patterns. You may even feel understood.

But AI is not alive. It does not have a body or a brain. It does not co-regulate in the full human sense. It does not track your breathing, posture, tears, long pauses, or the subtle shifts that guide pacing in real time. Even with voice or video, something central is missing. A real nervous system is not on the other side. AI cannot truly see you, even if it sometimes sounds like it does. And your nervous system knows when something is missing.

AI also lacks accountability in the way a human therapist does. Human therapists are trained to listen not only to words, but to context, tone, and what does not fit. A good therapist does not simply agree. Even a very empathetic therapist may challenge you if something does not make sense, needs clarification or if it make it tingle their -very human- spidey sense. As one of my teachers used to say, therapy is not a polite endeavor. A caring therapist will slow down, double-check, explore hunches, and name what is being said and even name what is not being said. AI cannot feel or care in this very human way. Technically, AI does not understand words the way humans do, and it cannot sense what is implied but unspoken. This always matters, but it matters especially at the edges, when someone is destabilized, overwhelmed, in crisis, paranoid, or losing touch with reality.

There is also the problem of overconfidence and hallucinations. AI can sound certain when it is wrong. That can be harmless in low-stakes settings, harmful in emotionally vulnerable moments, and dangerous in crises. Add privacy concerns, cultural mismatch, and the risk of overdependence, and the picture becomes clearer. AI can be a tool, but it is a risky candidate for replacement.

Where AI can genuinely help

None of this means AI is useless. It means we should understand what it is good for.

AI can support reflection when deep human attunement is not essential. It can help with journaling, psychoeducation, basic skills prompts, and preparing for therapy sessions. It can help you find language for what you are experiencing. It can help you organize a question you want to bring to your therapist. It can offer structure between sessions. I will develop this in more detail in future articles.

Used wisely, AI can even deepen therapy. When it helps with basic learning or clarification, more therapy time can be devoted to what requires human presence. That is meaningful synergy.

A gentle rule of thumb

If what you need is information, conceptual clarity, journaling prompts, or help exploring something already discussed in therapy, AI may help.

If what you need involves attachment wounds, trauma healing, deep grief, relational repair, severe anxiety, existential distress, or you are facing a crisis, a human therapist is usually safer and more effective. Certain kinds of healing require contact with a real person, in real time, over time. And again, since our wounding happened in relationships, it can only be healed in a human relationship.

If you are curious, you can try “The Potential Space” an AI companion designed to support users between sessions with preparation, psychoeducation, and integration.

  1. Lewis, T., Amini, F., & Lannon, R. A General Theory of Love. ↩︎
  2. Porges, S. W. The Polyvagal Theory. ↩︎
  3. Schore, A. N. The Science of the Art of Psychotherapy. ↩︎
  4. Cozolino, L. The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy. ↩︎

About fifteen years ago, whenever someone invited me to talk about the healing value of meditation, I would start—somewhat mischievously—by saying, “If you’re still wondering whether meditation is healing, you haven’t been paying attention. Its benefits have been proven beyond reasonable doubt.” Even with today’s ever-growing body of research pointing strongly in that direction, when it comes to psychedelics, we’re not there yet.

Psychedelics are being explored for a wide array of purposes: fibromyalgia, dementia, brain injury, Parkinson’s, ALS, Alzheimer’s, and chronic pain. More specifically in mental health (which will be our focus): anxiety, PTSD, depression, anorexia, alcohol and substance use, eating disorders, OCD, bipolar II, smoking, and existential distress. Researchers clearly suspect that these substances hold significant potential across many conditions1.

Not “what”, But “How”.

Although “What can psychedelics heal?” is an important question, there’s another one that’s not asked as often: How do they heal?

Of course, a neuroscientist could answer that psychedelics temporarily loosen rigid brain networks and boost neural plasticity by binding to serotonin receptors—creating a window to reconfigure entrenched pathways into new, more adaptive patterns.

However, I am not a neuroscientist, and I am not sure how many of my readers are, so let’s take a different route.  If we look beyond the brain into current research and what I’ve observed with clients, growing evidence shows that psychedelics and psychotherapy heal through the same core mechanisms—the difference being intensity, not kind. Integrated wisely, each strengthens and completes the other. Let’s unpack it:

Beyond neuropsychological explanations, there are several theories that try to explain the mechanisms involved in psychedelic healing:

  • Set & setting: Mindset, expectations, the quality of the relationship, and the surrounding environment shape and enhance the healing potential of the experience.
  • Network reset: Psychedelics disrupt entrenched neural patterns—and the fixed beliefs they sustain—promoting neural flexibility and the restructuring of pathways.
  • Receptivity: Heightened openness and reduced defensiveness allow for deep exploration, insight, and the learning and retention of new ways of being.
  • Cognitive updating: By widening perspective, old organizing principles are revised into more adaptive meanings, greater agency, and healthier narratives.
  • Emotional release/catharsis: By relaxing the brain’s control systems within a safe relational container, traumatic memories, repressed emotions, and somatic tension trapped in the body can surface, to be completed or reconfigured in an improved emotional context.
  • Mystical insight and self-transcendence: The sense of self expands beyond the wounded ego, merging or identifying with a larger Self or Cosmos, offering a broader perspective and reducing existential fear.

While painted with broad strokes, these ideas form the backbone of how many researchers now understand psychedelic healing.

So, there you have it. That’s how they heal. Now we know… or do we?

Let’s explore it a bit longer. These theories are elegant and plausible, but much of the research is still young. Serious scientific study has only recently resumed, and since the only way to know what’s happening inside someone’s mind is to ask them, researchers usually rely on questionnaires and interviews to access participants’ inner worlds.

Let’s try another approach. Since we already know that psychotherapy works (trust me on that, okay?2), let’s explore how it brings about change and see if we can find some parallels.

How Therapy Works

Even before Freud, this question has been heatedly debated3.  Although we don’t have a definitive answer, decades of research have produced a set of “common factors” that play a part in healing4:

  • A reasonable expectation that therapy, through specific methods, will actually work.
  • A meaningful, safe relationship where the client feels seen, accepted, and understood.
  • The facing, correction, and integration of painful or unresolved emotional experiences, often—but not necessarily- linked to childhood.
  • Insight, meaning-making, and the creation of new personal narratives.
  • Updating of rigid beliefs and practicing new behaviors and ways of thinking.
  • Development of accountability, agency, and self-efficacy.
  • Desidentification beyond limiting self-stories and an expansion of the sense of self.

Although the language differs, it’s easy to spot the parallels. Both emphasize the importance of the relationship (part of the setting), the value of positive expectations (part of the mindset), and the opportunity to face and correct painful past experiences, often through emotional release. Both emphasize insights, updated beliefs, the chance to create new narratives, try new behaviors, expand perspectives, and reclaim agency.

It seems that what helps people change in therapy may be the very same processes at work in psychedelic healing. This would also explain the popular meme that psychedelics are like three (or five, or even ten) years of therapy in one night. But if that were true, why would anyone choose psychotherapy at all?

Old Habits Die Hard

Good question. First, psychedelics are still illegal in most of the world. But even setting legality aside, this isn’t really about choosing one over the other—it’s about understanding their respective strengths and limitations.

The “three years in one night” meme captures only part of the truth. There’s more to it. Over decades, psychotherapists have learned that change is hard. We cling to old—even painful—ways of being. Old beliefs, like habits, die hard.

Psychedelics are intriguing because they seem to produce immediate results. I often hear a version of the meme. This may stem from heightened receptivity, intense emotional release, and powerful, luminous insights—often mystical in nature—that appear to open a broad window of neural plasticity. Psychotherapy, on the other hand, relies on slow, repeated emotional nudges and controlled exposure to unresolved issues. Growth is painstakingly slow and cannot be rushed. It takes time to develop a strong relationship where a person feels safe enough to challenge old patterns and belief systems. Insights must be practiced repeatedly before they become part of who we are.

Therapy, through weekly sessions and the continual revisiting of core themes, consolidates and deepens this process. This slow phase is often frowned upon in a society where “faster” is assumed to mean “better”.

It is misleading to say that psychedelics work faster than psychotherapy. Yes, the openness, catharsis, and insights feel dramatic when compared with regular therapy, but those transient and extraordinary psychedelic states need to be converted into enduring psychological traits. In other words, experience shows that to ensure the jewels gathered in psychedelic sessions aren’t lost, we must develop the necessary structures to help them take root in our lives. This is why, like other experts in the field, I emphasize the importance of preparation and integration as absolutely essential parts of any healing psychedelic process.

Complementary, Not Better

So, how do psychedelics heal? As I explain to my clients, this is not an either/or dilemma but a both/and integration. The change mechanisms of psychotherapy and psychedelics alike foster openness, enhance plasticity, reduce reactivity, facilitate insight, help complete unfinished emotional business, generate new narratives, strengthen agency and responsibility, and expand—or decenter—the sense of self.

Both rely on the same healing principles: psychedelics amplify; psychotherapy stabilizes. Together, they create a more complete path to transformation.

Beyond Psychology

Before ending, it’s worth remembering that it is in the modern West that psychedelics are seen almost exclusively as therapeutic tools, as “psychedelic-assisted therapy”. In contrast, shamanic traditions, which have worked with sacred plants for millennia, the concept of healing includes and transcends the psychological. There, psychedelics are seen as wise teachers in the broadest sense of the word. In my work, I try to honor both approaches.

The West could learn much from these ancient traditions—if only we approach them with respect and humility, but that is a topic for another article…


  1. You’ve probably guessed from the title that this article is ambitious, thus a bit longer than others. Please note that every claim is backed by scientific research, but to avoid making it even longer, I’ve left out the references. If you’re curious, just reach out — I’ll be glad to oblige. ↩︎
  2. Many may question this assertion; however, there is solid evidence that the average therapy client ends up doing better than about 75% of comparable people who receive no treatment. See https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/921048/ ↩︎
  3. Making the unconscious conscious, reworking old relationship patterns, strengthening the ego, through a corrective emotional experience, catharsis, replacing unhealthy beliefs, taking responsibility, bringing closure to unfinished emotional business, self-transcending egoic patterns, etc. All of these have been advanced as reasons why therapy heals. ↩︎
  4. Of course, beyond these, there are many other alleged factors, but these are generally agreed upon. ↩︎

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