(and How Shamans Can Help)

“[People] are so caught up in their own little lives that they are not getting their love up to the sun, out to the ocean, and into the earth… people are wrapped up in their little worlds, and they forget the elements, forget the source of their life. People have stopped gathering together, thanking the earth, the gods, the Sun, the sea for their lives.”
—José Ríos Matsúwa
, Huichol/Wixarica mara’akáme

In an often-quoted reflection, The Paradox of Our Time, Bob Moorehead captured something many of us feel, even if we rarely say it aloud: we are more connected but more isolated. We have more knowledge, but less judgment; wider freeways but narrower viewpoints. We earn more money, but have forgotten how to live. We have conquered outer space but neglected inner space.

This paradox is mirrored inside. We’re stressed out, exhausted, scrolling compulsively, and burning out.

The polycrisis and its origin

The World Economic Forum has called our moment a polycrisis, meaning multiple crises that interact and amplify one another. Beneath it, I believe there is a common denominator: disconnection. We feel disconnected from the Earth, from others, and from ourselves. We have lost our ground. We feel uprooted. We’re adrift.

I want to suggest that Indigenous and shamanic wisdom may help. This is not a call to become plastic shamans, buy a drum, or move to the Amazon. I’m not here to exoticize or romanticize shamanism, but to acknowledge that these traditions worldwide have developed and preserved specific practical truths that modern life tends to erase. It is an invitation to remember them:

Slow down. Reconnect. Look around.

The Earth as a library

Luther Standing Bear, a Lakota leader, described a childhood where the natural world was a literal classroom, where the Earth itself was a library. Children were taught to study nature as modern students study a book. They watched ants at work. They observed clouds for long stretches. Lakota youth were encouraged to remove their moccasins and feel the “sacred earth” by sitting directly on the ground. They believed sitting in the “lap of our Mother” allowed a person to think more deeply, feel more keenly, and see more clearly into the mysteries of life.

Over time, Standing Bear says, this cultivated a “soft” heart—respect for living things—and trained the eye to perceive beauty everywhere: in a black thundercloud, in an insect, in the slow turning of seasons. Life was never trite or boring; instead, it was (and is) alive and pulsing.

Now contrast that with us.

We live enveloped by a manufactured environment, like astronauts encased in a metal world, alienated from organic reality. We’re trained to seek constant dopamine hits from our own artifacts. Everything that is not fast feels boring or pointless.

We need to move from nature-as-resource to nature as mother and teacher. Shamanic cultures remind us of something we’ve forgotten: relationship is the medicine. Relationship with ourselves, with others, and with our surroundings.

Three movements of reconnection

Here’s the good news: this doesn’t require exotic beliefs or borrowed rituals. To slow down, reconnect, and look around is simple and specific—not a performance but a practice.

First: slow down and return to your inner life. Learn to listen to the silence. Everything is meaningful. There are no dull moments. Stop judging and become curious. When we’re in pain, we ask: How can I get rid of this? A shamanic sensibility changes the question: What can I learn from this? It is an invitation to let things unfold and find out what happens next.

Second: reconnect. We are wired for connection (human—not artificial—connection). We can’t heal in isolation. We get sick alone. Isolation amplifies trauma. We need community to witness our story, help us make sense of our suffering, support us in our challenges, and celebrate our victories.

With community comes ritual, ceremony, and containment. Ritual emerges from deep places in the psyche to provide structure for grief, transition, fear, and renewal. Across cultures, people gather to mark life’s thresholds: births, coming of age, marriage, death. Without ritual and community, we struggle to understand life, and we feel the loss more sharply.

Third: look around. The Earth surrounds us. Get out of your concrete and steel confinement. We are not separate from nature. Earth is not merely “resources,” but a living organism we can relate to. Change the consumer mentality to one of stewardship—not “what can I take?” but “how do I live in reciprocity?” Shamanic traditions encourage gratitude, offerings—as ritualized gratitude—and a return to sacredness.

What happens when we lose connection?

The paradox of our time already told us. We feel out of balance—lonely, lost, sad, broken.

As Matsúwa suggests, we’ve forgotten the Earth; instead of giving offerings, we plunder Her and the Sea. We lose roots and drift in a meaningless world, trapped in “skin-encapsulated egos.” In the shamanic world, this is known as soul fragmentation. We lose aliveness. We become scattered, incomplete, not quite inhabiting our own lives. We feel as if we lost something but can’t remember what.

In The Little Prince, he finds a lonely flower in the desert and asks it about human beings. The flower gives an answer that sums up our predicament: “Men? The wind blows them away. They have no roots, and that makes their life very difficult.”

Let’s grow some roots…

What can we do?

Start small. Start today. The practice doesn’t need to be grand. It can be as simple as this: one small offering of attention.

Remember Standing Bear’s story. Walk on the ground. Leave behind your phone and observe nature for five minutes. Reconnect with yourself. Reach out to others. Get out of the city and look around. You are surrounded by beauty.

If you want to go deeper

If you want to learn more about shamanic-informed psychotherapy and practices, feel free to reach out. Mine is an integral approach that bridges Western clinical knowledge with ancient spiritual wisdom to restore wholeness. It rejects the mind/body split, treating the person as multidimensional, leaning toward transformation rather than symptom management alone. Illness is approached as a messenger, and through ritual, symbols, expanded states, and deep listening, we begin to understand the native language of the unconscious—inside, in between, and around us.

No borrowed outfits required. No foreign performance. Just the slow, steady work of remembering who we really are, to become human again.

Slow down. Reconnect. Look around.

While preparing a series of talks on Shamanism, I gathered a few reflections that gradually shaped themselves into something beautiful. I share them humbly and with no claim of ownership, trusting they may resonate with you:

Sink your roots with reverence into the Earth. To wound nature is to wound yourself (Haudenosaunee)

Attend to Grandfather Fire; he teaches those who wish to learn (Wixárika Huichol)

Let the great sea set you in motion; be carried trembling with joy (Netsilik Inuit)

***

Learn patiently from the plants; wisdom grows through discipline (Payé)

Hear the medicine speak; it reveals what is hidden (Mazatec)

Everything has its own song; listen until rocks and colors sing (Lakota)

***

Seek solitude; deep wisdom grows far from the noise of men (Caribou Inuit)

Find your inner light; let it guide you through the dark (Iglulik Inuit)

Understand your own madness; then the spirit world will not carry you away (Chontal)

***

Release your personal history; let go of the past that blocks your growth (Mochica)

Enter the places of fright and terror; truth often waits there (Mazatec)

Take responsibility for your health; neglect prevents healing (Aztec)

***

Look into the body like clear water; seek the truth beneath the sickness (Jívaro)

Know that heart heals heart; the strongest medicine is the desire to serve (Lakota)

Attend to the silence; songs are born there like bubbles rising to the air (Little Diomede)

***

Recognize that healing restores the balance of the community (Dagara)

Stay close in danger; do not separate on the paths of the wind (Wixárika Huichol)

Understand that I am you and you are me; everything in life is connected (Maya)

***

Thank the ancestors and the medicine; gratitude keeps the world in balance (Wixárika Huichol)

Know your place in the sacred hoop; every being is your relative (Oglala Lakota)

***

Guard your words; harmful words are shadows that lead you astray (Lakota)

Make your life a worthy offering; ask nothing in return for healing (Lakota)

Realize that each of us already carries the Great Medicine (Aztec)

***

Move in balance and harmony along the sacred Red Road (Lakota)

Walk in wonder; the world is alive and listening (Wixárika Huichol)

***

Trust what is greater than you; the sacred is never exhausted (Caribou Inuit)

Stand humbly like a child before the endless mystery (Wixárika Huichol)

Collected by Sergio Rodriguez-Castillo from traditional indigenous teachings worldwide

These teachings are shared with respect. Because many of the original voices are anonymous, I’ve listed only the cultural traditions from which these lines were collected, rather than attributing them to specific individuals. This post is offered as an invitation to reflection, not as a substitute for cultural context, lived relationship, or community-held knowledge.

About fifteen years ago, whenever someone invited me to talk about the healing value of meditation, I would start—somewhat mischievously—by saying, “If you’re still wondering whether meditation is healing, you haven’t been paying attention. Its benefits have been proven beyond reasonable doubt.” Even with today’s ever-growing body of research pointing strongly in that direction, when it comes to psychedelics, we’re not there yet.

Psychedelics are being explored for a wide array of purposes: fibromyalgia, dementia, brain injury, Parkinson’s, ALS, Alzheimer’s, and chronic pain. More specifically in mental health (which will be our focus): anxiety, PTSD, depression, anorexia, alcohol and substance use, eating disorders, OCD, bipolar II, smoking, and existential distress. Researchers clearly suspect that these substances hold significant potential across many conditions1.

Not “what”, But “How”.

Although “What can psychedelics heal?” is an important question, there’s another one that’s not asked as often: How do they heal?

Of course, a neuroscientist could answer that psychedelics temporarily loosen rigid brain networks and boost neural plasticity by binding to serotonin receptors—creating a window to reconfigure entrenched pathways into new, more adaptive patterns.

However, I am not a neuroscientist, and I am not sure how many of my readers are, so let’s take a different route.  If we look beyond the brain into current research and what I’ve observed with clients, growing evidence shows that psychedelics and psychotherapy heal through the same core mechanisms—the difference being intensity, not kind. Integrated wisely, each strengthens and completes the other. Let’s unpack it:

Beyond neuropsychological explanations, there are several theories that try to explain the mechanisms involved in psychedelic healing:

  • Set & setting: Mindset, expectations, the quality of the relationship, and the surrounding environment shape and enhance the healing potential of the experience.
  • Network reset: Psychedelics disrupt entrenched neural patterns—and the fixed beliefs they sustain—promoting neural flexibility and the restructuring of pathways.
  • Receptivity: Heightened openness and reduced defensiveness allow for deep exploration, insight, and the learning and retention of new ways of being.
  • Cognitive updating: By widening perspective, old organizing principles are revised into more adaptive meanings, greater agency, and healthier narratives.
  • Emotional release/catharsis: By relaxing the brain’s control systems within a safe relational container, traumatic memories, repressed emotions, and somatic tension trapped in the body can surface, to be completed or reconfigured in an improved emotional context.
  • Mystical insight and self-transcendence: The sense of self expands beyond the wounded ego, merging or identifying with a larger Self or Cosmos, offering a broader perspective and reducing existential fear.

While painted with broad strokes, these ideas form the backbone of how many researchers now understand psychedelic healing.

So, there you have it. That’s how they heal. Now we know… or do we?

Let’s explore it a bit longer. These theories are elegant and plausible, but much of the research is still young. Serious scientific study has only recently resumed, and since the only way to know what’s happening inside someone’s mind is to ask them, researchers usually rely on questionnaires and interviews to access participants’ inner worlds.

Let’s try another approach. Since we already know that psychotherapy works (trust me on that, okay?2), let’s explore how it brings about change and see if we can find some parallels.

How Therapy Works

Even before Freud, this question has been heatedly debated3.  Although we don’t have a definitive answer, decades of research have produced a set of “common factors” that play a part in healing4:

  • A reasonable expectation that therapy, through specific methods, will actually work.
  • A meaningful, safe relationship where the client feels seen, accepted, and understood.
  • The facing, correction, and integration of painful or unresolved emotional experiences, often—but not necessarily- linked to childhood.
  • Insight, meaning-making, and the creation of new personal narratives.
  • Updating of rigid beliefs and practicing new behaviors and ways of thinking.
  • Development of accountability, agency, and self-efficacy.
  • Desidentification beyond limiting self-stories and an expansion of the sense of self.

Although the language differs, it’s easy to spot the parallels. Both emphasize the importance of the relationship (part of the setting), the value of positive expectations (part of the mindset), and the opportunity to face and correct painful past experiences, often through emotional release. Both emphasize insights, updated beliefs, the chance to create new narratives, try new behaviors, expand perspectives, and reclaim agency.

It seems that what helps people change in therapy may be the very same processes at work in psychedelic healing. This would also explain the popular meme that psychedelics are like three (or five, or even ten) years of therapy in one night. But if that were true, why would anyone choose psychotherapy at all?

Old Habits Die Hard

Good question. First, psychedelics are still illegal in most of the world. But even setting legality aside, this isn’t really about choosing one over the other—it’s about understanding their respective strengths and limitations.

The “three years in one night” meme captures only part of the truth. There’s more to it. Over decades, psychotherapists have learned that change is hard. We cling to old—even painful—ways of being. Old beliefs, like habits, die hard.

Psychedelics are intriguing because they seem to produce immediate results. I often hear a version of the meme. This may stem from heightened receptivity, intense emotional release, and powerful, luminous insights—often mystical in nature—that appear to open a broad window of neural plasticity. Psychotherapy, on the other hand, relies on slow, repeated emotional nudges and controlled exposure to unresolved issues. Growth is painstakingly slow and cannot be rushed. It takes time to develop a strong relationship where a person feels safe enough to challenge old patterns and belief systems. Insights must be practiced repeatedly before they become part of who we are.

Therapy, through weekly sessions and the continual revisiting of core themes, consolidates and deepens this process. This slow phase is often frowned upon in a society where “faster” is assumed to mean “better”.

It is misleading to say that psychedelics work faster than psychotherapy. Yes, the openness, catharsis, and insights feel dramatic when compared with regular therapy, but those transient and extraordinary psychedelic states need to be converted into enduring psychological traits. In other words, experience shows that to ensure the jewels gathered in psychedelic sessions aren’t lost, we must develop the necessary structures to help them take root in our lives. This is why, like other experts in the field, I emphasize the importance of preparation and integration as absolutely essential parts of any healing psychedelic process.

Complementary, Not Better

So, how do psychedelics heal? As I explain to my clients, this is not an either/or dilemma but a both/and integration. The change mechanisms of psychotherapy and psychedelics alike foster openness, enhance plasticity, reduce reactivity, facilitate insight, help complete unfinished emotional business, generate new narratives, strengthen agency and responsibility, and expand—or decenter—the sense of self.

Both rely on the same healing principles: psychedelics amplify; psychotherapy stabilizes. Together, they create a more complete path to transformation.

Beyond Psychology

Before ending, it’s worth remembering that it is in the modern West that psychedelics are seen almost exclusively as therapeutic tools, as “psychedelic-assisted therapy”. In contrast, shamanic traditions, which have worked with sacred plants for millennia, the concept of healing includes and transcends the psychological. There, psychedelics are seen as wise teachers in the broadest sense of the word. In my work, I try to honor both approaches.

The West could learn much from these ancient traditions—if only we approach them with respect and humility, but that is a topic for another article…


  1. You’ve probably guessed from the title that this article is ambitious, thus a bit longer than others. Please note that every claim is backed by scientific research, but to avoid making it even longer, I’ve left out the references. If you’re curious, just reach out — I’ll be glad to oblige. ↩︎
  2. Many may question this assertion; however, there is solid evidence that the average therapy client ends up doing better than about 75% of comparable people who receive no treatment. See https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/921048/ ↩︎
  3. Making the unconscious conscious, reworking old relationship patterns, strengthening the ego, through a corrective emotional experience, catharsis, replacing unhealthy beliefs, taking responsibility, bringing closure to unfinished emotional business, self-transcending egoic patterns, etc. All of these have been advanced as reasons why therapy heals. ↩︎
  4. Of course, beyond these, there are many other alleged factors, but these are generally agreed upon. ↩︎

Honoring indigenous wisdom and ethics in psychedelic therapy

This conversation explores how modern psychedelic practice risks losing its heart as it becomes mainstream. It reflects on how true healing lies in balancing Western psychotherapy with ancestral and spiritual wisdom. The discussion highlights the importance of ethical and well-trained guides, deep personal work, and honoring traditional relationships with plant medicine—emphasizing that integration, humility, and love are central to authentic psychedelic practice.

A pesar de la prohibición de los hongos con psilocibina, cada vez más terapeutas, facilitadores e improvisados se dedican a tratar pacientes con esa sustancia. Mientras el Senado analiza la despenalización y regulación en México, un sector busca enseñanza y guía entre los sabios y sabias de los pueblos originarios. En la tierra de María Sabina, en Oaxaca, Alejandrina Pedro Castañeda es la mazateca más visible que apoya la despenalización, ante la mirada crítica de colectivos de la comunidad indígena, que exigen respeto y ponen distancia.

Lea el artículo completo aquí:

https://www.gatopardo.com/articulos/hongos-sagrados-medicina-ancestral-en-la-sierra-mazateca

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